Awk One-Liners Explained, Part I: File Spacing, Numbering and Calculations

1. File spacing (explained in this part).
2. Numbering and calculations (explained in this part)
3. Text conversion and substitution (explained in part two).
4. Selective printing of certain lines (explained in part three).
5. Selective deleting of certain lines (explained in part three).
6. String creation, array creation and update on selective printing of certain lines (explained in bonus article).

1. Line Spacing

1. Double-space a file.

awk '1; { print "" }'

So how does it work? A one-liner is an Awk program and every Awk program consists of a sequence of pattern-action statements "pattern { action statements }". In this case there are two statements "1" and "{ print "" }". In a pattern-action statement either the pattern or the action may be missing. If the pattern is missing, the action is applied to every single line of input. A missing action is equivalent to '{ print }'. Thus, this one-liner translates to:

awk '1 { print } { print "" }'

An action is applied only if the pattern matches, i.e., pattern is true. Since '1' is always true, this one-liner translates further into two print statements:

awk '{ print } { print "" }'

Every print statement in Awk is silently followed by an ORS - Output Record Separator variable, which is a newline by default. The first print statement with no arguments is equivalent to "print $0", where $0 is a variable holding the entire line. The second print statement prints nothing, but knowing that each print statement is followed by ORS, it actually prints a newline. So there we have it, each line gets double-spaced.

2. Another way to double-space a file.

awk 'BEGIN { ORS="\n\n" }; 1'

BEGIN is a special kind of pattern which is not tested against the input. It is executed before any input is read. This one-liner double-spaces the file by setting the ORS variable to two newlines. As I mentioned previously, statement "1" gets translated to "{ print }", and every print statement gets terminated with the value of ORS variable.

3. Double-space a file so that no more than one blank line appears between lines of text.

awk 'NF { print $0 "\n" }'

The one-liner uses another special variable called NF - Number of Fields. It contains the number of fields the current line was split into. For example, a line "this is a test" splits in four pieces and NF gets set to 4. The empty line "" does not split into any pieces and NF gets set to 0. Using NF as a pattern can effectively filter out empty lines. This one liner says: "If there are any number of fields, print the whole line followed by newline."

4. Triple-space a file.

awk '1; { print "\n" }'

This one-liner is very similar to previous ones. '1' gets translated into '{ print }' and the resulting Awk program is:

awk '{ print; print "\n" }'

It prints the line, then prints a newline followed by terminating ORS, which is newline by default.

2. Numbering and Calculations

5. Number lines in each file separately.

awk '{ print FNR "\t" $0 }'

This Awk program appends the FNR - File Line Number predefined variable and a tab (\t) before each line. FNR variable contains the current line for each file separately. For example, if this one-liner was called on two files, one containing 10 lines, and the other 12, it would number lines in the first file from 1 to 10, and then resume numbering from one for the second file and number lines in this file from 1 to 12. FNR gets reset from file to file.

6. Number lines for all files together.

awk '{ print NR "\t" $0 }'

This one works the same as #5 except that it uses NR - Line Number variable, which does not get reset from file to file. It counts the input lines seen so far. For example, if it was called on the same two files with 10 and 12 lines, it would number the lines from 1 to 22 (10 + 12).

7. Number lines in a fancy manner.

awk '{ printf("%5d : %s\n", NR, $0) }'

This one-liner uses printf() function to number lines in a custom format. It takes format parameter just like a regular printf() function. Note that ORS does not get appended at the end of printf(), so we have to print the newline (\n) character explicitly. This one right-aligns line numbers, followed by a space and a colon, and the line.

8. Number only non-blank lines in files.

awk 'NF { $0=++a " :" $0 }; { print }'

Awk variables are dynamic; they come into existence when they are first used. This one-liner pre-increments variable 'a' each time the line is non-empty, then it appends the value of this variable to the beginning of line and prints it out.

9. Count lines in files (emulates wc -l).

awk 'END { print NR }'

END is another special kind of pattern which is not tested against the input. It is executed when all the input has been exhausted. This one-liner outputs the value of NR special variable after all the input has been consumed. NR contains total number of lines seen (= number of lines in the file).

10. Print the sum of fields in every line.

awk '{ s = 0; for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) s = s+$i; print s }'

Awk has some features of C language, like the for (;;) { ... } loop. This one-liner loops over all fields in a line (there are NF fields in a line), and adds the result in variable 's'. Then it prints the result out and proceeds to the next line.

11. Print the sum of fields in all lines.

awk '{ for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) s = s+$i }; END { print s+0 }'

This one-liner is basically the same as #10, except that it prints the sum of all fields. Notice how it did not initialize variable 's' to 0. It was not necessary as variables come into existence dynamically. Also notice how it calls "print s+0" and not just "print s". It is necessary if there are no fields. If there are no fields, "s" never comes into existence and is undefined. Printing an undefined value does not print anything (i.e. prints just the ORS). Adding a 0 does a mathematical operation and undef+0 = 0, so it prints "0".

12. Replace every field by its absolute value.

awk '{ for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) if ($i < 0) $i = -$i; print }'

This one-liner uses two other features of C language, namely the if (...) { ... } statement and omission of curly braces. It loops over all fields in a line and checks if any of the fields is less than 0. If any of the fields is less than 0, then it just negates the field to make it positive. Fields can be addresses indirectly by a variable. For example, i = 5; $i = 'hello', sets field number 5 to string 'hello'.

Here is the same one-liner rewritten with curly braces for clarity. The 'print' statement gets executed after all the fields in the line have been replaced by their absolute values.

awk '{
  for (i = 1; i <= NF; i++) {
    if ($i < 0) {
      $i = -$i;
    }
  }
  print
}'

13. Count the total number of fields (words) in a file.

awk '{ total = total + NF }; END { print total+0 }'

This one-liner matches all the lines and keeps adding the number of fields in each line. The number of fields seen so far is kept in a variable named 'total'. Once the input has been processed, special pattern 'END { ... }' is executed, which prints the total number of fields. See 11th one-liner for explanation of why we "print total+0" in the END block.

14. Print the total number of lines containing word "Beth".

awk '/Beth/ { n++ }; END { print n+0 }'

This one-liner has two pattern-action statements. The first one is '/Beth/ { n++ }'. A pattern between two slashes is a regular expression. It matches all lines containing pattern "Beth" (not necessarily the word "Beth", it could as well be "Bethe" or "theBeth333"). When a line matches, variable 'n' gets incremented by one. The second pattern-action statement is 'END { print n+0 }'. It is executed when the file has been processed. Note the '+0' in 'print n+0' statement. It forces '0' to be printed in case there were no matches ('n' was undefined). Had we not put '+0' there, an empty line would have been printed.

15. Find the line containing the largest (numeric) first field.

awk '$1 > max { max=$1; maxline=$0 }; END { print max, maxline }'

This one-liner keeps track of the largest number in the first field (in variable 'max') and the corresponding line (in variable 'maxline'). Once it has looped over all lines, it prints them out. Warning: this one-liner does not work if all the values are negative.

Here is the fix:

awk 'NR == 1 { max = $1; maxline = $0; next; } $1 > max { max=$1; maxline=$0 }; END { print max, maxline }'

16. Print the number of fields in each line, followed by the line.

awk '{ print NF ":" $0 } '

This one-liner just prints out the predefined variable NF - Number of Fields, which contains the number of fields in the line, followed by a colon and the line itself.

17. Print the last field of each line.

awk '{ print $NF }'

Fields in Awk need not be referenced by constants. For example, code like 'f = 3; print $f' would print out the 3rd field. This one-liner prints the field with the value of NF. $NF is last field in the line.

18. Print the last field of the last line.

awk '{ field = $NF }; END { print field }'

This one-liner keeps track of the last field in variable 'field'. Once it has looped all the lines, variable 'field' contains the last field of the last line, and it just prints it out.

Here is a better version of the same one-liner. It's more common, idiomatic and efficient:

awk 'END { print $NF }'

19. Print every line with more than 4 fields.

awk 'NF > 4'

This one-liner omits the action statement. As I noted in one-liner #1, a missing action statement is equivalent to '{ print }'.

20. Print every line where the value of the last field is greater than 4.

awk '$NF > 4'

This one-liner is similar to #17. It references the last field by NF variable. If it's greater than 4, it prints it out.

Sed One-Liners Explained, Part I: File Spacing, Numbering and Text Conversion and Substitution

sed one-liners are divided into several sections:

1. File spacing (explained in this part).
2. Numbering (explained in this part).
3. Text conversion and substitution (explained in this part).
4. Selective printing of certain lines (explained in part two).
5. Selective deletion of certain lines (explained in part three).
6. Special applications (explained in part three).

I'll divide this article in 3 parts. In the first part I will cover "File spacing", "Numbering" and "Text conversion and substitution". In the second part I will cover "Selective printing of certain lines" and in the third "Selective deletion of certain lines" and "Special applications".

Before I start explaining, I want to share the key idea that changed the way I think about sed. It was the four spaces of sed -- input stream, output stream, pattern space, hold buffer. Sed operates on input stream and produces an output stream. The lines from input stream are placed into the pattern space where they are modified. The hold buffer can be used for temporary storage. These four spaces changed the way I think about sed.

1. File spacing.

1. Double-space a file.

sed G

This sed one-liner uses the 'G' command. If you grabbed the cheat-sheet you'd see that the command 'G' appends to the pattern space. It appends a newline followed by the contents of hold buffer. In this example the hold buffer is empty all the time (only three commands 'h', 'H' and 'x' modify hold buffer), so we end up simply appending a newline to the pattern space. Once all the commands have been processed (in this case just the 'G' command), sed puts the contents of pattern space to output stream followed by a newline. There we have it, two newlines -- one added by the 'G' command and the other by output stream. File has been double spaced.

2. Double-space a file which already has blank lines in it. Do it so that the output contains no more than one blank line between two lines of text.

sed '/^$/d;G'

Sed allows to restrict commands only to certain lines. This one-liner operates only on lines that match a regular expression /^$/. Which are those? Those are the empty lines. Note that before doing the regular expression match sed pushes the input line to pattern space. When doing it, sed strips the trailing newline character. The empty lines contain just the newline character, so after they have been put into pattern space, this only character has been removed and pattern space stays empty. Regular expression /^$/ matches an empty pattern space and sed applies 'd' command on it, which deletes the current pattern space, reads in the next line, puts it into the pattern space and aborts the current command, and starts the execution from the beginning. The lines which do not match emptiness get a newline character appended by the 'G' command, just like in one-liner #1.

In general sed allows to restrict operations to certain lines (5th, 27th, etc.), to a range of lines (lines 10-20), to lines matching a pattern (lines containing the word "catonmat"), and to lines between two patterns (lines between "catonmat" and "coders").

3. Triple-space a file.

sed 'G;G'

Several sed commands can be combined by separating them by ';'. Such commands get executed one after another. This one-liner does twice what the one-liner #1 does -- appends two newlines (via two 'G' commands) to output.

4. Undo double-spacing.

sed 'n;d'

This one-liner assumes that even-numbered lines are always blank. It uses two new commands - 'n' and 'd'. The 'n' command prints out the current pattern space (unless the '-n' flag has been specified), empties the current pattern space and reads in the next line of input. We assumed that even-numbered lines are always blank. This means that 'n' prints the first, third, fifth, ..., etc. line and reads in the following line. The line following the printed line is always an empty line. Now the 'd' command gets executed. The 'd' command deletes the current pattern space, reads in the next line, puts the new line into the pattern space and aborts the current command, and starts the execution from the first sed command. Now the the 'n' commands gets executed again, then 'd', then 'n', etc.

To make it shorter - 'n' prints out the current line, and 'd' deletes the empty line, thus undoing the double-spacing.

5. Insert a blank line above every line that matches "regex".

sed '/regex/{x;p;x;}'

This one liner uses the restriction operation together with two new commands - 'x' and 'p'. The 'x' command exchanges the hold buffer with the pattern buffer. The 'p' command duplicates input -- prints out the entire pattern space. This one-liner works the following way: a line is read in pattern space, then the 'x' command exchanges it with the empty hold buffer. Next the 'p' command prints out emptiness followed by a newline, so we get an empty line printed before the actual line. Then 'x' exchanges the hold buffer (which now contains the line) with pattern space again. There are no more commands so sed prints out the pattern space. We have printed a newline followed by the line, or saying it in different words, inserted a blank line above every line.

Also notice the { ... }. This is command grouping. It says, execute all the commands in "..." on the line that matches the restriction operation.

6. Insert a blank line below every line that matches "regex".

sed '/regex/G'

This one liner combines restriction operation with the 'G' command, described in one-liner #1. For every line that matches /regex/, sed appends a newline to pattern space. All the other lines that do not match /regex/ just get printed out without modification.

7. Insert a blank line above and below every line that matches "regex".

sed '/regex/{x;p;x;G;}'

This one-liner combines one-liners #5, #6 and #1. Lines matching /regex/ get a newline appended before them and printed (x;p;x from #5). Then they are followed by another newline from the 'G' command (one-liner #6 or #1).

2. Numbering.

8. Number each line of a file (named filename). Left align the number.

sed = filename | sed 'N;s/\n/\t/'

One-liners get trickier and trickier. This one-liner is actually two separate one-liners. The first sed one-liner uses a new command called '='. This command operates directly on the output stream and prints the current line number. There is no way to capture the current line number to pattern space. That's why the second one-liner gets called. The output of first one-liner gets piped to the input of second. The second one-liner uses another new command 'N'. The 'N' command appends a newline and the next line to current pattern space. Then the famous 's///' command gets executed which replaces the newline character just appended with a tab. After these operations the line gets printed out.

To make it clear what '=' does, take a look at this example file:

line one
line two
line three

Running the first one-liner 'sed = filename', produces output:

1
line one
2
line two
3
line three

Now, the 'N' command of the second one-liner joins these lines with a newline character:

1\nline one
2\nline two
3\nline three

The 's/\n/\t/' replaces the newline chars with tabs, so we end up with:

1     line one
2     line two
3     line three

The example is a little inaccurate as line joining with a newline char happens line after line, not on all lines at once.

9. Number each line of a file (named filename). Right align the number.

sed = filename | sed 'N; s/^/     /; s/ *\(.\{6,\}\)\n/\1  /'

This one-liner is also actually two one-liners. The first one liner numbers the lines, just like #8. The second one-liner uses the 'N' command to join the line containing the line number with the actual line. Then it uses two substitute commands to right align the number. The first 's' command 's/^/ /' appends 5 white-spaces to the beginning of line. The second 's' command 's/ *\(.\{6,\}\)\n/\1 /' captures at least six symbols up to a newline and replaces the capture and newline with the back-reference '\1' and two more whitespace to separate line number from the contents of line.

I think it's hard to understand the last part of this sed expression by just reading. Let's look at an example. For clearness I replaced the '\n' newline char with a '@' and whitespace with '-'.

$ echo "-----12@contents" | sed 's/-*\(.\{6,\}\)@/\1--/'
----12--contents

The regular expression '-*\(.\{6,\}\)@' (or just '-*(.{6,})@') tells sed to match some '-' characters followed by at least 6 other characters, followed by a '@' symbol. Sed captures them (remembers them) in \1.

In this example sed matches the first '-' (the '-*' part of regex), then the following six characters "----12" and '@' (the '*\(.\{6,\}\)@' part of regex). Now it replaces the matched part of the string "-----12@" with the contents of captured group which is "----12" plus two extra whitespace. The final result is that "-----12@" gets replaced with "----12--".

10. Number each non-empty line of a file (called filename).

sed '/./=' filename | sed '/./N; s/\n/ /'

This one-liner is again two one-liners. The output of the first one-liner gets piped to the input of second. The first one-liner filters out lines with at least one character in them. The regular expression '/./' says: match lines with at least one char in them. When the empty lines (containing just a newline) get sent to the pattern space, the newline character gets removed, so the empty lines do not get matched. The second one-liner does the same one-liner #8 did, except that only numbered lines get joined and printed out. Command '/./N' makes sure that empty lines are left as-is.

11. Count the number of lines in a file (emulates "wc -l").

sed -n '$='

This one-liner uses a command line switch "-n" to modify sed's behavior. The "-n" switch tells sed not to send the line to output after it has been processed in the pattern space. The only way to make sed output anything with the "-n" switch being on is to use a command that modifies the output stream directly (these commands are '=', 'a', 'c', 'i', 'I', 'p', 'P', 'r' and 'w'). In this one-liner what seems to be the command "$=" is actually a restriction pattern "$" together with the "=" command. The restriction pattern "$" applies the "=" command to the last line only. The "=" command outputs the current line number to standard output. As it is applied to the last line only, this one-liner outputs the number of lines in the file.

3. Text Conversion and Substitution.

12. Convert DOS/Windows newlines (CRLF) to Unix newlines (LF).

sed 's/.$//'

This one-one liner assumes that all lines end with CR+LF (carriage return + line feed) and we are in a Unix environment. Once the line gets read into pattern space, the newline gets thrown away, so we are left with lines ending in CR. The 's/.$//' command erases the last character by matching the last character of the line (regex '.$') and substituting it with nothing. Now when the pattern space gets output, it gets appended the newline and we are left with lines ending with LF.

The assumption about being in a Unix environment is necessary because the newline that gets appended when the pattern space gets copied to output stream is the newline of that environment.

13. Another way to convert DOS/Windows newlines (CRLF) to Unix newlines (LF).

sed 's/^M$//'

This one-liner again assumes that we are in a Unix environment. It erases the carriage return control character ^M. You can usually enter the ^M control char literally by first pressing Ctrl-V (it's control key + v key) and then Ctrl-M.

14. Yet another way to convert DOS/Windows newlines to Unix newlines.

sed 's/\x0D$//'

This one-liner assumes that we are on a Unix machine. It also assumes that we use a version of sed that supports hex escape codes, such as GNU sed. The hex value for CR is 0x0D (13 decimal). This one-liner erases this character.

15-17. Convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS/Windows newlines (CRLF).

sed "s/$/`echo -e \\\r`/"

This one-liner also assumes that we are in a Unix environment. It calls shell for help. The 'echo -e \\\r' command inserts a literal carriage return character in the sed expression. The sed "s/$/char/" command appends a character to the end of current pattern space.

18. Another way to convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS/Windows newlines (CRLF).

sed 's/$/\r/'

This one-liner assumes that we use GNU sed. GNU sed is smarter than other seds and can take escape characters in the replace part of s/// command.

19. Convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS/Windows newlines (CRLF) from DOS/Windows.

sed "s/$//"

This one-liner works from DOS/Windows. It's basically a no-op one-liner. It replaces nothing with nothing and then sends out the line to output stream where it gets CRLF appended.

20. Another way to convert Unix newlines (LF) to DOS/Windows newlines (CRLF) from DOS/Windows.

sed -n p

This is also a no-op one-liner, just like #19. The shortest one-liner which does the same is:

sed ''

21. Convert DOS/Windows newlines (LF) to Unix format (CRLF) from DOS/Windows.

sed "s/\r//"

Eric says that this one-liner works only with UnxUtils sed v4.0.7 or higher. I don't know anything about this version of sed, so let's just trust him. This one-liner strips carriage return (CR) chars from lines. Then when they get output, CRLF gets appended by magic.

Eric mentions that the only way to convert LF to CRLF on a DOS machine is to use tr:

tr -d \r <infile >outfile

22. Delete leading whitespace (tabs and spaces) from each line.

sed 's/^[ \t]*//'

Pretty simple, it matches zero-or-more spaces and tabs at the beginning of the line and replaces them with nothing, i.e. erases them.

23. Delete trailing whitespace (tabs and spaces) from each line.

sed 's/[ \t]*$//'

This one-liner is very similar to #22. It does the same substitution, just matching zero-or-more spaces and tabs at the end of the line, and then erases them.

24. Delete both leading and trailing whitespace from each line.

sed 's/^[ \t]*//;s/[ \t]*$//'

This one liner combines #22 and #23. First it does what #22 does, erase the leading whitespace, and then it does the same as #23, erase trailing whitespace.

25. Insert five blank spaces at the beginning of each line.

sed 's/^/     /'

It does it by matching the null-string at the beginning of line (^) and replaces it with five spaces "     ".

26. Align lines right on a 79-column width.

sed -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,78\}$/ &/;ta'

This one-liner uses a new command line option and two new commands. The new command line option is '-e'. It allows to write a sed program in several parts. For example, a sed program with two substitution rules could be written as "sed -e 's/one/two/' -e 's/three/four'" instead of "sed 's/one/two/;s/three/four'". It makes it more readable. In this one-liner the first "-e" creates a label called "a". The ':' command followed by a name crates a named label. The second "-e" uses a new command "t". The "t" command branches to a named label if the last substitute command modified pattern space. This branching technique can be used to create loops in sed. In this one-liner the substitute command left-pads the string (right aligns it) a single whitespace at a time, until the total length of the string exceeds 78 chars. The "&" in substitution command means the matched string.

Translating it in modern language, it would look like this:

while (str.length() <= 78) {
 str = " " + str
}

27. Center all text in the middle of 79-column width.

sed  -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,77\}$/ & /;ta'

This one-liner is very similar to #26, but instead of left padding the line one whitespace character at a time it pads it on both sides until it has reached length of at least 77 chars. Then another two whitespaces get added at the last iteration and it has grown to 79 chars.

Another way to do the same is

sed  -e :a -e 's/^.\{1,77\}$/ &/;ta' -e 's/\( *\)\1/\1/'

This one-liner left pads the string one whitespace char at a time until it has reached length of 78 characters. Then the additional "s/\( *\)\1/\1/" command gets executed which divides the leading whitespace "in half". This effectively centers the string. Unlike the previous one-liner this one-liner does not add trailing whitespace. It just adds enough leading whitespace to center the string.

28. Substitute (find and replace) the first occurrence of "foo" with "bar" on each line.

sed 's/foo/bar/'

This is the simplest sed one-liner possible. It uses the substitute command and applies it once on each line. It substitutes string "foo" with "bar".

29. Substitute (find and replace) the fourth occurrence of "foo" with "bar" on each line.

sed 's/foo/bar/4'

This one-liner uses a flag for the substitute command. With no flags the first occurrence of pattern is changed. With a numeric flag like "/1", "/2", etc. only that occurrence is substituted. This one-liner uses numeric flag "/4" which makes it change fourth occurrence on each line.

30. Substitute (find and replace) all occurrence of "foo" with "bar" on each line.

sed 's/foo/bar/g'

This one-liner uses another flag. The "/g" flag which stands for global. With global flag set, substitute command does as many substitutions as possible, i.e., all.

31. Substitute (find and replace) the first occurrence of a repeated occurrence of "foo" with "bar".

sed 's/\(.*\)foo\(.*foo\)/\1bar\2/'

Let's understand this one-liner with an example:

$ echo "this is foo and another foo quux" | sed 's/\(.*\)foo\(.*foo\)/\1bar\2/'
this is bar and another foo quux

As you can see, this one liner replaced the first "foo" with "bar".

It did it by using two capturing groups. The first capturing group caught everything before the first "foo". In this example it was text "this is ". The second group caught everything after the first "foo", including the second "foo". In this example " and another foo". The matched text was then replaced with contents of first group "this is " followed by "bar" and contents of second group " and another foo". Since " quux" was not part of the match it was left unchanged. Joining these parts the resulting string is "this is bar and another foo quux", which is exactly what we got from running the one-liner.

32. Substitute (find and replace) only the last occurrence of "foo" with "bar".

sed 's/\(.*\)foo/\1bar/'

This one-liner uses a capturing group that captures everything up to "foo". It replaces the captured group and "foo" with captured group itself (the \1 back-reference) and "bar". It results in the last occurrence of "foo" getting replaced with "bar".

33. Substitute all occurrences of "foo" with "bar" on all lines that contain "baz".

sed '/baz/s/foo/bar/g'

This one-liner uses a regular expression to restrict the substitution to lines matching "baz". The lines that do not match "baz" get simply printed out, but those that do match "baz" get the substitution applied.

34. Substitute all occurrences of "foo" with "bar" on all lines that DO NOT contain "baz".

sed '/baz/!s/foo/bar/g'

Sed commands can be inverted and applied on lines that DO NOT match a certain pattern. The exclamation "!" before a sed commands does it. In this one-liner the substitution command is applied to the lines that DO NOT match "baz".

35. Change text "scarlet", "ruby" or "puce" to "red".

sed 's/scarlet/red/g;s/ruby/red/g;s/puce/red/g'

This one-liner just uses three consecutive substitution commands. The first replaces "scarlet" with "red", the second replaced "ruby" with "red" and the last one replaces "puce" with "red".

If you are using GNU sed, then you can do it simpler:

gsed 's/scarlet\|ruby\|puce/red/g'

GNU sed provides more advanced regular expressions which support alternation. This one-liner uses alternation and the substitute command reads "replace 'scarlet' OR 'ruby' OR 'puce' with 'red'".

36. Reverse order of lines (emulate "tac" Unix command).

sed '1!G;h;$!d'

This one-liner acts as the "tac" Unix utility. It's tricky to explain. The easiest way to explain it is by using an example.

Let's use a file with just 3 lines:

$ cat file
foo
bar
baz

Running this one-liner on this file produces the file in reverse order:

$ sed '1!G;h;$!d' file
baz
bar
foo

The first one-liner's command "1!G" gets applied to all the lines which are not the first line. The second command "h" gets applied to all lines. The third command "$!d" gets applied to all lines except the last one.

Let's go through the execution line by line.

Line 1: Only the "h" command gets applied for the first line "foo". It copies this line to hold buffer. Hold buffer now contains "foo". Nothing gets output as the "d" command gets applied.
Line 2: The "G" command gets applied. It appends the contents of hold buffer to pattern space. The pattern space now contains. "bar\nfoo". The "h" command gets applied, it copies "bar\nfoo" to hold buffer. It now contains "bar\nfoo". Nothing gets output.
Line 3: The "G" command gets applied. It appends hold buffer to the third line. The pattern space now contains "baz\nbar\nfoo". As this was the last line, "d" does not get applied and the contents of pattern space gets printed. It's "baz\nbar\nfoo". File got reversed.

If we had had more lines, they would have simply get appended to hold buffer in reverse order.

Here is another way to do the same:

sed -n '1!G;h;$p'

It silences the output with "-n" switch and forces the output with "p" command only at the last line.

These two one-liners actually use a lot of memory because they keep the whole file in hold buffer in reverse order before printing it out. Avoid these one-liners for large files.

37. Reverse a line (emulates "rev" Unix command).

sed '/\n/!G;s/\(.\)\(.*\n\)/&\2\1/;//D;s/.//'

This is a very complicated one-liner. I had trouble understanding it the first time I saw it and ended up asking on comp.unix.shell for help.

Let's re-format this sed one-liner:

 sed '
   /\n/ !G
   s/\(.\)\(.*\n\)/&\2\1/
   //D
   s/.//
 ' 

The first line "/\n/ !G" appends a newline to the end of the pattern space if there was none.

The second line "s/\(.\)\(.*\n\)/&\2\1/" is a simple s/// expression which groups the first character as \1 and all the others as \2. Then it replaces the whole matched string with "&\2\1", where "&" is the whole matched text ("\1\2"). For example, if the input string is "1234" then after the s/// expression, it becomes "1234\n234\n1".

The third line is "//D". This statement is the key in this one-liner. An empty pattern // matches the last existing regex, so it's exactly the same as: /\(.\)\(.*\n\)/D. The "D" command deletes from the start of the input till the first newline and then resumes editing with first command in script. It creates a loop. As long as /\(.\)\(.*\n\)/ is satisfied, sed will resume all previous operations. After several loops, the text in the pattern space becomes "\n4321". Then /\(.\)\(.*\n\)/ fails and sed goes to the next command.

The fourth line "s/.//" removes the first character in the pattern space which is the newline char. The contents in pattern space becomes "4321" -- reverse of "1234".

There you have it, a line has been reversed.

38. Join pairs of lines side-by-side (emulates "paste" Unix command).

sed '$!N;s/\n/ /'

This one-liner joins two consecutive lines with the "N" command. They get joined with a "\n" character between them. The substitute command replaces this newline with a space, thus joining every pair of lines with a whitespace.

39. Append a line to the next if it ends with a backslash "\".

sed -e :a -e '/\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta'

The first expression ':a' creates a named label "a". The second expression looks to see if the current line ends with a backslash "\". If it does, it joins it with the line following it using the "N" command. Then the slash and the newline between joined lines get erased with "s/\\\n//" command. If the substitution was successful we branch to the beginning of expression and do the same again, in hope that we might have another backslash. If the substitution was not successful, the line did not end with a backslash and we print it out.

Here is an example of running this one-liner:

$ cat filename
line one \
line two
line three
$ sed -e :a -e '/\\$/N; s/\\\n//; ta' filename
line one line two
line three

Lines one and two got joined because the first line ended with backslash.

40. Append a line to the previous if it starts with an equal sign "=".

sed -e :a -e '$!N;s/\n=/ /;ta' -e 'P;D'

This one-liner also starts with creating a named label "a". Then it tests to see if it is not the last line and appends the next line to the current one with "N" command. If the just appended line starts with a "=", one-liner branches the label "a" to see if there are more lines starting with "=". During this process a substitution gets executed which throws away the newline character which came from joining with "N" and the "=". If the substitution fails, one-liner prints out the pattern space up to the newline character with the "P" command, and deletes the contents of pattern space up to the newline character with "D" command, and repeats the process.

Here is an example of running it:

$ cat filename
line one
=line two
=line three
line four
$ sed -e :a -e '$!N;s/\n=/ /;ta' -e 'P;D' filename
line one line two line three
line four

Lines one, two and three got joined, because lines two and three started with '='. Line four got printed as-is.

41. Digit group (commify) a numeric string.

sed -e :a -e 's/\(.*[0-9]\)\([0-9]\{3\}\)/\1,\2/;ta'

This one-liner turns a string of digits, such as "1234567" to "1,234,567". This is called commifying or digit grouping.

First the one-liner creates a named label "a". Then it captures two groups of digits. The first group is all the digits up to last three digits. The last three digits gets captures in the 2nd group. Then the two matching groups get separated by a comma. Then the same rules get applied to the line again and again until all the numbers have been grouped in groups of three.

Substitution command "\1,\2" separates contents of group one with a comma from the contents of group two.

Here is an example to understand the grouping happening here better. Suppose you have a numeric string "1234567". The first group captures all the numbers until the last three "1234". The second group captures last three numbers "567". They get joined by a comma. Now the string is "1234,567". The same stuff is applied to the string again. Number "1" gets captured in the first group and the numbers "234" in the second. The number string is "1,234,567". Trying to apply the same rules again fail because there is just one digit at the beginning of string, so the string gets printed out and sed moves on to the next line.

If you have GNU sed, you can use a simpler one-liner:

gsed ':a;s/\B[0-9]\{3\}\>/,&/;ta'

This one-liner starts with creating a named label "a" and then loops over the string the same way as the previous one-liner did. The only difference is how groups of three digits get matched. GNU sed has some additional patterns. There are two patterns that make this one-liner work. The first is "\B", which matches anywhere except at a word boundary. It's needed so we did not go beyond word boundary. Look at this example:

$ echo "12345 1234 123" | sed 's/[0-9]\{3\}\>/,&/g'
12,345 1,234 ,123

It's clearly wrong. The last 123 got a comma added. Adding the "\B" makes sure we match the numbers only at word boundary:

$ echo "12345 1234 123" | sed 's/\B[0-9]\{3\}\>/,&/g'
12,345 1,234 123

The second is "\>". It matches the null string at the end of a word. It's necessary because we need to to match the right-most three digits. If we did not have it, the expression would match after the first digit.

42. Add commas to numbers with decimal points and minus signs.

gsed -r ':a;s/(^|[^0-9.])([0-9]+)([0-9]{3})/\1\2,\3/g;ta'

This one-liner works in GNU sed only. It turns on extended regular expression support with the "-r" switch. Then it loops over a line matching three groups and separates the first two from the third with a comma.

The first group makes sure we ignore a leading non-digit character, such as + or -. If there is no leading non-digit character, then it just anchors at the beginning of the string which always matches.

The second group matches a bunch of numbers. The third group makes sure the second group does not match too many. It matches 3 consecutive numbers at the end of the string.

Once the groups have been captured, the "\1\2,\3" substitution is done and the expression is looped again, until the whole string has been commified.

43. Add a blank line after every five lines.

sed 'n;n;n;n;G;'

The "n" command is called four times in this one-liner. Each time it's called it prints out the current pattern space, empties it and reads in the next line of input. After calling it four times, the fifth line is read into the pattern space and then the "G" command gets called. The "G" command appends a newline to the fifth line. Then the next round of four "n" commands is done. Next time the first "n" command is called it prints out the newlined fifth line, thus inserting a blank line after every 5 lines.

The same can be achieved with GNU sed's step extension:

gsed '0~5G'

GNU sed's step extensions can be generalized as "first~step". It matches every "step"'th line starting with line "first". In this one-liner it matches every 5th line starting with line 0.